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Title: Dynamic depth-dependent osmotic swelling and solute diffusion in articular cartilage monitored using real-time ultrasound
Authors: Zheng, YP 
Shi, J
Qin, L
Patil, SG
Mow, VC
Zhou, KY
Issue Date: Jun-2004
Source: Ultrasound in medicine and biology, June 2004, v. 30, no. 6, p. 841-849
Abstract: The objective of this study was to investigate the feasibility of ultrasonic monitoring for the transient depth-dependent osmotic swelling and solute diffusion in normal and degenerated articular cartilage (artC) tissues. Full-thickness artC specimens were collected from fresh bovine patellae. The artC specimens were continuously monitored using a focused beam of 50 MHz ultrasound (US) during sequential changes of the bathing solution from 0.15 mol/L to 2 mol/L saline, 0.15 mol/L saline, 1 mg/mL trypsin solution, 0.15 mol/L saline, 2 mol/L saline and back to 0.15 mol/L saline. The transient displacements of US echoes from the artC tissues at different depths were used to represent the tissue deformation and the NaCl diffusion. The trypsin solution was used selectively to digest the proteoglycans in artC. It was demonstrated that high-frequency US was feasible for monitoring the transient osmotic swelling, solute transport and progressive degeneration of artC in real-time. Preliminary results showed that the normal bovine patellar artC shrank during the first several minutes and then recovered to its original state in approximately 1 h when the solution was changed from 0.15 mol/L to 2 mol/L saline. Degenerated artC showed neither shrinkage nor recovery during the same process. In addition, a dehydrated-hydrated artC specimen showed much stronger shrinkage and it resumed the original state when the solution was changed from 2 mol/L back to 0.15 mol/L saline. The diffusion of NaCl and the digestion process of proteoglycans induced by trypsin were also successfully monitored in real-time.
Keywords: Ultrasound
Articular cartilage
Osteoarthritis
Osmotic swelling
Solute diffusion
Publisher: Elsevier
Journal: Ultrasound in medicine and biology 
ISSN: 0301-5629
EISSN: 1879-291X
DOI: 10.1016/j.ultrasmedbio.2004.02.009
Rights: Ultrasound in Medicine and Biology © 2004 World Federation for Ultrasound in Medicine & Biology. The journal web site is located at http://www.sciencedirect.com.
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