Air thermochemistry in the converging section of de Laval nozzles on hypersonic wind tunnels

Abstract

State-to-state simulations of nonequilibrium flow in nozzles are made for a range of reservoir conditions and geometries. The geometry of the converging section and throat has little influence on the thermochemistry of the flow. Higher reservoir pressure and temperature both drive the thermochemistry toward equilibrium. For reservoir temperatures of 1500, 4000, and 7000 K, the flow property that has the largest departure from equilibrium is the N2 vibrational temperature, the O mass fraction, and the N mass fraction, respectively. Even at the lowest reservoir pressure, these departures from equilibrium are only 14%, 8%, and 2% for the 1500, 4000, and 7000 K reservoirs, respectively. The differences in these flow properties at the throat between the nonequilibrium and equilibrium simulations are maintained throughout in the nonequilibrium simulations of the diverging section. Applying the simplification of equilibrium flow in the converging section and around the throat yields almost no observable errors in the vibrational population distributions in the diverging section. The simplification is recommended for most practical intents and purposes, and the current work provides important quantitative information to make informed judgments when applying it.