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Title: | I-vector-based patient adaptation of deep neural networks for automatic heartbeat classification | Authors: | Xu, SS Mak, MW Cheung, CC |
Issue Date: | Mar-2020 | Source: | IEEE journal of biomedical and health informatics, Mar. 2020, v. 24, no. 3, p. 717-727 | Abstract: | Automatic classification of electrocardiogram (ECG) signals is important for diagnosing heart arrhythmias. A big challenge in automatic ECG classification is the variation in the waveforms and characteristics of ECG signals among different patients. To address this issue, this paper proposes adapting a patient-independent deep neural network (DNN) using the information in the patient-dependent identity vectors (i-vectors). The adapted networks, namely i-vector adapted patient-specific DNNs (iAP-DNNs), are tuned toward the ECG characteristics of individual patients. For each patient, his/her ECG waveforms are compressed into an i-vector using a factor analysis model. Then, this i-vector is injected into the middle hidden layer of the patient-independent DNN. Stochastic gradient descent is then applied to fine-tune the whole network to form a patient-specific classifier. As a result, the adaptation makes use of not only the raw ECG waveforms from the specific patient but also the compact representation of his/her ECG characteristics through the i-vector. Analysis on the hidden-layer activations shows that by leveraging the information in the i-vectors, the iAP-DNNs are more capable of discriminating normal heartbeats against arrhythmic heartbeats than the networks that use the patient-specific ECG only for the adaptation. Experimental results based on the MIT-BIH database suggest that the iAP-DNNs perform better than existing patient-specific classifiers in terms of various performance measures. In particular, the sensitivity and specificity of the existing methods are all under the receiver operating characteristic curves of the iAP-DNNs. | Keywords: | Arrhythmias Deep neural networks DNN adaptation ECG classification I-vectors |
Publisher: | Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers | Journal: | IEEE journal of biomedical and health informatics | ISSN: | 2168-2194 | EISSN: | 2168-2208 | DOI: | 10.1109/JBHI.2019.2919732 | Rights: | © 2019 IEEE. Personal use of this material is permitted. Permission from IEEE must be obtained for all other uses, in any current or future media, including reprinting/republishing this material for advertising or promotional purposes, creating new collective works, for resale or redistribution to servers or lists, or reuse of any copyrighted component of this work in other works. The following publication S. S. Xu, M. -W. Mak and C. -C. Cheung, "I-Vector-Based Patient Adaptation of Deep Neural Networks for Automatic Heartbeat Classification," in IEEE Journal of Biomedical and Health Informatics, vol. 24, no. 3, pp. 717-727, March 2020 is available at https://doi.org/10.1109/JBHI.2019.2919732. |
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