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Title: Links between the brain and retina : the effects of cigarette smoking-induced age-related changes in Alzheimer's disease and macular degeneration
Authors: Yu, SS
Tang, X
Ho, YS 
Chang, RCC
Chiu, K
Issue Date: 27-Jul-2016
Source: Frontiers in neurology, 27 July 2016, v. 7, 119, p. 1-4
Abstract: Alzheimer's disease (AD) is characterized by the progressive and selective loss of neurons and synapses. This debilitating disease was estimated to affect 33.9 million patients worldwide in 2011, a number that is expected to triple over the next 40 years (1). It has been shown that a combination of several processes, including extracellular deposition of amyloid-beta (Aß) plaques and the formation of intracellular neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs) composed of hyper-phosphorylated tau proteins, in the brain are involved in the declining cognitive processes associated with AD (2). While dysfunction of the aforementioned biological processes starts from Braak stage I (preclinical AD), it is not until the majority of the neocortex is severely affected by neurofibrillary changes (Braak stages V-VI) that patients are ultimately diagnosed with dementia (3).
Keywords: Age-related macular degeneration
Alzheimer-like pathology
Amyloid peptide
Cigarette smoking
Retina
Publisher: Frontiers Research Foundation
Journal: Frontiers in neurology 
EISSN: 1664-2295
DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2016.00119
Rights: Copyright: © 2016 Yu, Tang, Ho, Chang and Chiu. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY) (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
The following publication Yu SS, Tang X, Ho Y-S, Chang RC-C and Chiu K (2016) Links between the Brain and Retina: The Effects of Cigarette Smoking-Induced Age-Related Changes in Alzheimer’s Disease and Macular Degeneration. Front. Neurol. 7:119,1-4 is available at https://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fneur.2016.00119
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