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Title: Observed inequality in urban greenspace exposure in China
Authors: Song, Y 
Chen, B
Ho, HC
Kwan, MP
Liu, D
Wang, F
Wang, J
Cai, J
Li, X
Xu, Y
He, Q
Wang, H
Xu, Q
Song, Y
Issue Date: Nov-2021
Source: Environment international, Nov. 2021, v. 156, 106778
Abstract: Given the important role of green environments playing in healthy cities, the inequality in urban greenspace exposure has aroused growing attentions. However, few comparative studies are available to quantify this phenomenon for cities with different population sizes across a country, especially for those in the developing world. Besides, commonly used inequality measures are always hindered by the conceptual simplification without accounting for human mobility in greenspace exposure assessments. To fill this knowledge gap, we leverage multi-source geospatial big data and a modified assessment framework to evaluate the inequality in urban greenspace exposure for 303 cities in China. Our findings reveal that the majority of Chinese cities are facing high inequality in greenspace exposure, with 207 cities having a Gini index larger than 0.6. Driven by the spatiotemporal variability of human distribution, the magnitude of inequality varies over different times of the day. We also find that exposure inequality is correlated with low greenspace provision with a statistical significance (p-value < 0.05). The inadequate provision may result from various factors, such as dry cold climate and urbanization patterns. Our study provides evidence and insights for central and local governments in China to implement more effective and sustainable greening programs adjusted to different local circumstances and incorporate the public participatory engagement to achieve a real balance between greenspace supply and demand for developing healthy cities.
Keywords: China
Environmental inequality
Greenspace exposure
Healthy city
Spatial heterogeneity
Urban environment
Publisher: Pergamon Press
Journal: Environment international 
ISSN: 0160-4120
DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2021.106778
Rights: © 2021 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd.
This is an open access article under the CC BY license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
The following publication Yimeng Song, Bin Chen, Hung Chak Ho, Mei-Po Kwan, Dong Liu, Fei Wang, Jionghua Wang, Jixuan Cai, Xijing Li, Yong Xu, Qingqing He, Hongzhi Wang, Qiyan Xu, Yongze Song, Observed inequality in urban greenspace exposure in China, Environment International, Volume 156, 2021, 106778, ISSN 0160-4120 is available at https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2021.106778
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