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Title: Environmental barriers and participation restrictions in community-dwelling individuals with spinal cord injury in Jiangsu and Sichuan provinces of China : results from a cross-sectional survey
Authors: Yang, Y
Gong, Z
Reinhardt, JD 
Xu, G
Xu, Z
Li, J
Issue Date: 2023
Source: Journal of spinal cord medicine, 2023, v. 46, no. 2, p. 277-290
Abstract: Objective: (1) to describe environmental barriers and participation restrictions experienced by people with spinal cord injury (SCI) from China, (2) to examine associations between lesion characteristics and participation restrictions, considering a mediating role of environmental barriers, (3) to identify those environmental barriers that have the largest influence on participation.
Design: Cross-sectional study. This study is part of the International Spinal Cord Injury Survey (InSCI).
Setting: Community, Jiangsu and Sichuan Province, China.
Participants: 1355 persons with SCI.
Interventions: Not applicable.
Outcome Measures: Participation restrictions were measured with items from the Model Disability Survey, Environmental Barriers were measured with the Nottwil Environmental Factors Inventory-Short Form.
Results: Participants experienced a median of five (IQR 1-9) environmental barriers and five (IQR 0-9) participation restrictions. Environmental barriers were mainly reported in relation to climate, insufficient resources and accessibility, and participation restrictions mainly occurred in using public transportation, taking care of others, and getting to places. In an adjusted zero-inflated Poisson model, people with more severe injuries reported a greater number of environmental barriers (complete injury: IRR = 1.31, 95%CI = [1.24,1.38]) and participation restrictions (tetraplegia: IRR = 1.15, 95%CI = [1.10,1.21]; complete injury: IRR = 1.25, 95%CI = [1.18,1.31]). Moreover, environmental barriers (IRR = 1.07, 95%CI = [1.06,1.08]) were a significant predictor of participation restrictions and partially mediated the association of lesion completeness with participation restrictions. Barriers related to accessibility of public places (IRR = 1.47, 95%CI = [1.33,1.62]), accessing homes (IRR = 1.32, 95%CI = [1.21,1.44]), long distance transportation (IRR = 1.11, 95%CI = [1.04,1.20]), communication devices (IRR = 1.07, 95%CI = [1.01,1.15]) and state services (IRR = 1.10, 95%CI = [1.02,1.19]) had the greatest negative impact on participation.
Conclusion: Social participation of people with SCI is seriously restricted in China. Removing environmental barriers will be an important element of programs to address this problem.
Keywords: Community survey
Environmental barriers
Impairment
Participation
Spinal cord injury
Publisher: American Paraplegia Society
Journal: Journal of spinal cord medicine 
ISSN: 1079-0268
EISSN: 2045-7723
DOI: 10.1080/10790268.2021.1935094
Rights: © 2021 THE AUTHORS. Published by Elsevier BV on behalf of Faculty of Engineering, Ain Shams University. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).
The following publication Yang, Y., Gong, Z., Reinhardt, J. D., Xu, G., Xu, Z., & Li, J. (2023). Environmental barriers and participation restrictions in community-dwelling individuals with spinal cord injury in jiangsu and sichuan provinces of china: Results from a cross-sectional survey. Journal of Spinal Cord Medicine, 46(2), 277-290 is available at https://doi.org/10.1080/10790268.2021.1935094
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