Cardioprotective and mentally protective effects of the Mediterranean-dietary approaches to stop hypertension intervention for neurodegenerative delay diet combined with forest bathing among adults with elevated blood cholesterol : a parallel group randomised controlled study protocol

Abstract

Introduction: The prevalence of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) is rapidly increasing across Asia, with the burden particularly high among individuals aged ≥50 years. Elevated low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) level is a well-established causal risk factor for CVDs. Mediterranean-Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension Intervention for Neurodegenerative Delay (MIND) diet is a cardioprotective diet, which is rich in plant-based foods. Combining it with stress-reducing practices, including forest bathing (FB), which involves immersive exposure to forest environments, has been shown to reduce LDL-C levels and other cardiovascular risk factors by modulating pro-inflammatory responses. However, existing evidence is limited due to small sample sizes and poor study design. Therefore, this study aims to investigate whether the MIND diet combined with FB can reduce CVD risks among Chinese adults in Hong Kong. It also compares the effects of the MIND diet combined with FB on cardiovascular and mental health. Methods and analysis: A single-blind, randomised controlled trial involving three groups will be used to assess the impact of the MIND diet combined with FB on LDL-C levels in adults aged 50–75 years with elevated LDL-C levels. Participants (n=273) from local community centres will be randomly assigned to the MIND-plus-FB (who will receive nutrition education, follow the MIND diet for 12 weeks and participate in regular FB sessions), MIND-alone (who will receive nutrition education and follow the MIND diet for 12 weeks) or routine care (who will continue their usual activities and receive a general health talk along with pamphlets on cardiovascular risks) group. The change in LDL-C levels will be measured at weeks 4 and 12 (primary outcome). Additionally, changes in high-density lipoprotein cholesterol level, triglyceride level, glucose level, systolic blood pressure, waist circumference, body mass index, anxiety levels and emotional state will also be assessed at weeks 4 and 12. Statistical analyses will include intent-to-treat, χ2 test, analysis of variance and generalised estimating equations. Ethics and dissemination:This study has been approved by the Research Ethics Committee of Tung Wah College, Hong Kong (reference number: REC2023164). Research findings will be disseminated through publication in peer-reviewed journals and presentations at academic and primary healthcare conferences.