Optimal management of smart grid rental and electric vehicles for remote energy sharing between distinct-scale buildings with novel business model development

Abstract

Renewable energy sharing by internal grids has been proposed to enhance the load matching of zero-emission building (ZEB) clusters. However, past research focused on how the internal grid enhanced energy sharing from an energy-based perspective. The power limitation of the internal grid, the collaboration of the internal grid and electric vehicles (EVs), and the business model for renting the grid capacity from the grid operator still need to be investigated. In this work, an internal grid and twenty EVs are used to enhance the techno-economic performance of two distinct-scale buildings by remote energy sharing. The result shows that Case 10 with vehicle-to-building (V2B) at a rented grid capacity of 1500 kW improves the matching from 0.491 to 0.506 and increases the relative net present value (NPV<inf>rel</inf>) from 9.52×108 to 9.61×108 HKD, compared to only building-to-vehicle (B2V) cases. The neutral grid rental fee is in the middle of its upper and lower limits, which solves the benefit contradictions between the stakeholder's electric savings and the grid operator's income. A proper rented capacity for the stakeholder is where the internal grid provides the highest present value (PV). To enhance the scalability and applicability, some system design parameters, EV parameters, and economic parameters are tested to show the possible deviations in the techno-economic performance.