Electrochemical energy conversion and Storage Systems : a perspective on the challenges and opportunities for sustainable energy in Africa

Abstract

The increasing demand for energy in Africa poses challenges in terms of sustainability, affordability, and accessibility. Although Africa is rich in renewable resources, their use remains limited. Implementing electrochemical energy conversion and storage (EECS) technologies such as lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) and ceramic fuel cells (CFCs) can facilitate the transition to a clean energy future. EECS offers superior efficiency, cost, safety, and environmental benefits compared to fossil fuels. Their modularity also enables distributed renewable integration and off-grid access. However, Africa lacks production, deployment, and recycling capacities for these technologies. Infrastructure, policy, costs, consumer awareness, and technical expertise are major obstacles. This perspective review provides environmental and technical context for LIBs and CFCs. Adopting a comprehensive framework encompassing manufacturing, deployment, integration, and recycling, we analyze their benefits and adoption barriers in Africa. The review aims to enlighten policies and investments that can promote the scalability of these energy storage and conversion technologies. If strategic efforts are implemented, these technologies could catalyze sustainable electrification and position Africa at the forefront of global energy innovation. Realizing this potential requires holistic value chain solutions. Graphical abstract: [Figure not available: see fulltext.]