Microbial-induced mineral carbonation : a promising approach for improving Carbon sequestration and performance of steel slag for its engineering utilization

Abstract

Steel slag, a by-product of steel production, accumulates in large quantities and poses significant environmental risks due to heavy metal ion content. Therefore, using pre-treated steel slag in construction offers a sustainable solution. This review analyzed microbial-induced mineral carbonation (MIMC) as a promising approach for steel slag utilization, highlighting the enhanced principles and influential factors of steel slag carbonation. MIMC achieves superior carbonation efficiency (up to 90–95%) under mild conditions, ensuring environmental sustainability, safety, and cost-effectiveness. Key factors include microbial characteristics, steel slag properties, and process conditions. The review discussed how MIMC can enhance the properties of carbonated steel slag by modifying mineralogy and microstructure, improving physical and mechanical attributes, and optimizing environmental performance. Moreover, the application of MIMC-treated steel slag in engineering construction was examined. Nonetheless, further research is essential to overcome challenges, fully comprehend the mechanisms and environmental impacts of MIMC, and advance sustainable development in the steel industry.