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Title: Development of sustainable strain-hardening cementitious composites containing diatomite for 3D printing
Authors: Teng, F 
Xu, F 
Yang, M 
Yu, J 
Zhang, D
Weng, Y 
Issue Date: 1-Jun-2025
Source: Journal of building engineering, 1 June 2025, v. 103, 112170
Abstract: 3D concrete printing (3DCP) faces challenges in the automated integration of reinforcement. The use of strain-hardening cementitious composites (SHCCs) with high ductility offers a promising solution to this issue. However, the high cement content in printable SHCC increases the carbon footprint, contributing to heavy environmental burden. This study investigates using diatomite (DE), a natural sedimentary rock, to develop sustainable SHCC for 3DCP. Diatomite partially replaces ordinary Portland cement, and the effects of various DE replacement ratios (10 %, 20 %, 30 %) on fresh properties, mechanical properties, hydration, and microstructure are experimentally examined. Sustainability analysis is conducted using life cycle assessment (LCA). Results show that a 30 % DE replacement ratio increases the dynamic yield stress, static yield stress, and plastic viscosity by 31.7 %, 79.7 %, and 239.5 %, respectively. A 10 % DE replacement achieves the highest mechanical properties, with tensile, compressive, and flexural strengths increased by 54.6 %, 14.0 %, and 27.4 %, respectively, compared to the reference group. A 10 % DE replacement ratio enhances the hydration process with increased calcium silicate hydrate gels formation and refines the microstructure. DE replacement ratio above 20 % negatively impacts hydration due to insufficient portlandite, while the porous structure of unhydrated DE increases the total porosity by 18.4 %. LCA results show a 25.8 % reduction in global warming potential can be achieved. The findings reveal that the developed DE-SHCC has the potential to facilitate sustainability and enhance the mechanical properties in construction 3D printing.
Keywords: 3D concrete printing
Diatomite
Mechanical properties
Strain-hardening cementitious composites
Sustainability
Publisher: Elsevier
Journal: Journal of building engineering 
EISSN: 2352-7102
DOI: 10.1016/j.jobe.2025.112170
Rights: © 2025 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/).
The following publication Teng, F., Xu, F., Yang, M., Yu, J., Zhang, D., & Weng, Y. (2025). Development of Sustainable Strain-hardening Cementitious Composites Containing Diatomite for 3D Printing. Journal of Building Engineering, 103, 112170 is available at 10.1016/j.jobe.2025.112170.
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