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Title: Propulsion mechanism of artificial flagellated micro-swimmers actuated by acoustic waves—theory and experimental verification
Authors: Liu, J 
Fu, Y 
Wu, Y 
Ruan, H 
Issue Date: Sep-2024
Source: Bioinspiration and biomimetics, Sept. 2024, v. 19, no. 5, 056008
Abstract: This work examines the acoustically actuated motions of artificial flagellated micro-swimmers (AFMSs) and compares the motility of these micro-swimmers with the predictions based on the corrected resistive force theory (RFT) and the bar-joint model proposed in our previous work. The key ingredient in the theory is the introduction of a correction factor K in drag coefficients to correct the conventional RFT so that the dynamics of an acoustically actuated AFMS with rectangular cross-sections can be accurately modeled. Experimentally, such AFMSs can be easily manufactured based on digital light processing of ultra-violet (UV)-curable resins. We first determined the viscoelastic properties of a UV-cured resin through dynamic mechanical analysis. In particular, the high-frequency storage moduli and loss factors were obtained based on the assumption of time-temperature superposition (TTS), which were then applied in theoretical calculations. Though the extrapolation based on the TTS implied the uncertainty of high-frequency material response and there is limited accuracy in determining head oscillation amplitude, the differences between the measured terminal velocities of the AFMSs and the predicted ones are less than 50%, which, to us, is well acceptable. These results indicate that the motions of acoustic AFMS can be predicted, and thus, designed, which pave the way for their long-awaited applications in targeted therapy.
Keywords: Artificial micro-swimmer
Acoustic actuation
Experimental verification
Materials characterization
Publisher: Institute of Physics Publishing
Journal: Bioinspiration and biomimetics 
ISSN: 1748-3182
EISSN: 1748-3190
DOI: 10.1088/1748-3190/ad622d
Rights: ©2024TheAuthor(s). Published by IOP Publishing Ltd
Original content from this work may be used under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). Any further distribution of this work must maintain attribution to the author(s) and the title of the work, journal citation and DOI.
The following publication Jinan Liu et al 2024 Bioinspir. Biomim. 19 056008 is available at https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-3190/ad622d.
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