Please use this identifier to cite or link to this item: http://hdl.handle.net/10397/108037
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dc.contributorDepartment of Building Environment and Energy Engineeringen_US
dc.creatorLin, Sen_US
dc.creatorLi, Cen_US
dc.creatorConkling, Men_US
dc.creatorHuang, Xen_US
dc.creatorQuarles, SLen_US
dc.creatorGollner, MJen_US
dc.date.accessioned2024-07-23T01:37:42Z-
dc.date.available2024-07-23T01:37:42Z-
dc.identifier.issn0379-7112en_US
dc.identifier.urihttp://hdl.handle.net/10397/108037-
dc.language.isoenen_US
dc.publisherElsevieren_US
dc.rights© 2024 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.This is an open access article under the CC BY license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).en_US
dc.rightsThe following publication Lin, S., Li, C., Conkling, M., Huang, X., Quarles, S. L., & Gollner, M. J. (2024). Smoldering Ignition and Transition to Flaming in Wooden Mulch Beds Exposed to Firebrands under Wind. Fire Safety Journal, 148, 104226 is available at https://doi.org/10.1016/j.firesaf.2024.104226.en_US
dc.subjectWildland-urban interfaceen_US
dc.subjectParticle sizeen_US
dc.subjectFirebranden_US
dc.subjectSmoldering-to-flaming transitionen_US
dc.subjectEmberen_US
dc.titleSmoldering ignition and transition to flaming in wooden mulch beds exposed to firebrands under winden_US
dc.typeJournal/Magazine Articleen_US
dc.identifier.volume148en_US
dc.identifier.doi10.1016/j.firesaf.2024.104226en_US
dcterms.abstractSpotting ignition by firebrands is a significant fire spread pathway at the wildland-urban interface (WUI), where mulch products are commonly used as landscaping materials. Mulch is typically organic in nature, thus it may be easily ignited into a smoldering mode by firebrands and subsequently transition to flaming, leading to direct flame contact and radiant heat exposure to siding materials of adjacent structures. This work quantified the thresholds of smoldering ignition of four common types of commercially available mulch (black mulch (BM), forest floor (FF), redwood (RW), and fir bark (FB)) exposed to heating by smoldering firebrand piles, and their propensity for smoldering-to-flaming transition under external winds (up to 1.4 m/s). We found that there was a minimum mass of firebrand pile to achieve smoldering ignition of mulch (e.g., ∼0.1 g for FF). Beyond this minimum mass, the required wind speed to trigger smoldering ignition generally decreased as the mass of the firebrand pile increased, agreeing well with theoretical analysis. After smoldering ignition, smoldering-to-flaming transition could be observed when the wind speed exceeded a critical value (e.g., ∼1 m/s for FF), which was not affected by the initial spotting process. To achieve smoldering-to-flaming transition, the glowing mulch had to reach a critical temperature of around 850 °C. Mulch samples with larger particle sizes were more likely to smolder and transition to flaming, due to increased oxygen supply through larger inter-particle pores and channels and better firebrand accumulation due to a more crevice-like geometry on the fuel surface. This work advances the fundamental understanding of the ignition and burning behavior of landscaping mulches, and thus contributes to the prevention of extreme WUI fire events.en_US
dcterms.accessRightsopen accessen_US
dcterms.bibliographicCitationFire safety journal, Sept. 2024, v. 148, 104226en_US
dcterms.isPartOfFire safety journalen_US
dcterms.issued2024-09-
dc.identifier.artn104226en_US
dc.description.validate202407 bcwhen_US
dc.description.oaVersion of Recorden_US
dc.identifier.FolderNumbera3084a-
dc.identifier.SubFormID49427-
dc.description.fundingSourceSelf-fundeden_US
dc.description.pubStatusPublisheden_US
dc.description.oaCategoryCCen_US
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