Thermodynamics and kinetics of conversion reaction in zinc batteries

Abstract

Aqueous zinc-based batteries (AZBs) based on the conversion-type mechanism have become a hot spot now due to their low cost, high safety, and large capacity, which provides a significant opportunity for large-scale energy storage. However, conversion reactions in AZBs face serious thermodynamic and kinetic challenges. Rather than the common advances, this review focuses on fundamental aspects of reaction thermodynamics and kinetics for AZBs that lack systematic attention and understanding. The conversion reaction mechanisms of AZBs including anode conversion reaction, manganese-based, chalcogenide-based, halogen-based, copper-based, and iron-based conversion reaction were discussed. The fundamental issues and perspectives of the battery system are further highlighted. The final section proposes significant directions to discuss how to better understand and design effective conversion battery systems via combining thermodynamics and kinetics.