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Title: | Leveraging the glymphatic and meningeal lymphatic systems as therapeutic strategies in Alzheimer’s disease : an updated overview of nonpharmacological therapies | Authors: | Formolo, DA Yu, J Lin, K Tsang, HWH Ou, H Kranz, GS Yau, SY |
Issue Date: | 2023 | Source: | Molecular neurodegeneration, 2023, v. 18, 26 | Abstract: | Understanding and treating Alzheimer's disease (AD) has been a remarkable challenge for both scientists and physicians. Although the amyloid-beta and tau protein hypothesis have largely explained the key pathological features of the disease, the mechanisms by which such proteins accumulate and lead to disease progression are still unknown. Such lack of understanding disrupts the development of disease-modifying interventions, leaving a therapeutic gap that remains unsolved. Nonetheless, the recent discoveries of the glymphatic pathway and the meningeal lymphatic system as key components driving central solute clearance revealed another mechanism underlying AD pathogenesis. In this regard, this narrative review integrates the glymphatic and meningeal lymphatic systems as essential components involved in AD pathogenesis. Moreover, it discusses the emerging evidence suggesting that nutritional supplementation, non-invasive brain stimulation, and traditional Chinese medicine can improve the pathophysiology of the disease by increasing glymphatic and/or meningeal lymphatic function. Given that physical exercise is a well-regarded preventive and pro-cognitive intervention for dementia, we summarize the evidence suggesting the glymphatic system as a mediating mechanism of the physical exercise therapeutic effects in AD. Targeting these central solute clearance systems holds the promise of more effective treatment strategies. | Keywords: | Alzheimer’s disease Glymphatic system Meningeal lymphatics Non-invasive brain stimulation Nutrition Physical exercise Traditional Chinese medicine |
Publisher: | BioMed Central Ltd. | Journal: | Molecular neurodegeneration | EISSN: | 1750-1326 | DOI: | 10.1186/s13024-023-00618-3 | Rights: | © The Author(s) 2023. This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data. The following publication Formolo, D.A., Yu, J., Lin, K. et al. Leveraging the glymphatic and meningeal lymphatic systems as therapeutic strategies in Alzheimer’s disease: an updated overview of nonpharmacological therapies. Mol Neurodegeneration 18, 26 (2023) is available at https://doi.org/10.1186/s13024-023-00618-3. |
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