Advances in vanadium-redoxed polyanions for high-voltage sodium-ion batteries

Abstract

Large-scale energy storage using sodium ion batteries (SIBs) as a hub for the conversion of renewable energy has become a topic of great importance. However, the application of SIBs is hindered by low energy density arising from inferior capacity and operation voltage. In this regard, vanadium-based phosphate polyanions with multiple valence changes (III–V), high redox potential, abundant resources, spacious frame structure, and remarkable thermal stability are promising avenues to address this dilemma. In this review, following the principle of electronic structure and function relationship, we summarize the recent progress in phosphates, pyrophosphates, fluorophosphates, and mixed polyanions of vanadium-centered polyanionic materials for SIBs. This review may provide comprehensive understanding and guidelines to further construct high performance, low-cost sodium-ion batteries.