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Title: | Depression and anxiety among macau residents during the COVID-19 outbreak : a network analysis perspective | Authors: | Sun, HL Chen, P Feng, Y Si, TL Lam, MI Lok, KI Chow, IHI Su, Z Cheung, T Tang, YL Jackson, T Sha, S Xiang, YT |
Issue Date: | 2023 | Source: | Frontiers in psychiatry, 2023, v. 14, 1159542 | Abstract: | Background: The 2019 novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) outbreak affected people’s lifestyles and increased their risk for depressive and anxiety symptoms (depression and anxiety, respectively hereafter). We assessed depression and anxiety in residents of Macau during “the 6.18 COVID-19 outbreak” period and explored inter-connections of different symptoms from the perspective of network analysis. Methods: In this cross-sectional study, 1,008 Macau residents completed an online survey comprising the nine-item Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9) and seven-item Generalized Anxiety Disorder Scale (GAD-7) to measure depression and anxiety, respectively. Central and bridge symptoms of the depression-anxiety network model were evaluated based on Expected Influence (EI) statistics, while a bootstrap procedure was used to test the stability and accuracy of the network model. Results: Descriptive analyses indicated the prevalence of depression was 62.5% [95% confidence interval (CI) = 59.47–65.44%], the prevalence of anxiety was 50.2% [95%CI = 47.12–53.28%], and 45.1% [95%CI = 42.09–48.22%] of participants experienced comorbid depression and anxiety. “Nervousness-Uncontrollable worry” (GADC) (EI = 1.15), “Irritability” (GAD6) (EI = 1.03), and “Excessive worry” (GAD3) (EI = 1.02) were the most central symptoms, while “Irritability” (GAD6) (bridge EI = 0.43), “restlessness” (GAD5) (bridge EI = 0.35), and “Sad Mood” (PHQ2) (bridge EI = 0.30) were key bridge symptoms that emerged in the network model. Conclusion: Nearly half of residents in Macau experienced comorbid depression and anxiety during the 6.18 COVID-19 outbreak. Central and bridge symptoms identified in this network analysis are plausible, specific targets for treatment and prevention of comorbid depression and anxiety related to this outbreak. |
Keywords: | Anxiety Comorbidity Depression Macau Network analysis |
Publisher: | Frontiers Research Foundation | Journal: | Frontiers in psychiatry | EISSN: | 1664-0640 | DOI: | 10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1159542 | Rights: | Copyright © 2023 Sun, Chen, Feng, Si, Lam, Lok, Chow, Su, Cheung, Tang, Jackson, Sha and Xiang. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY) (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms. The following publication Sun H-L, Chen P, Feng Y, Si TL, Lam MI, Lok K-I, Chow IHI, Su Z, Cheung T, Tang Y-L, Jackson T, Sha S and Xiang Y-T (2023) Depression and anxiety among Macau residents during the COVID-19 outbreak: A network analysis perspective. Front. Psychiatry. 14:1159542 is available at https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1159542. |
Appears in Collections: | Journal/Magazine Article |
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