Interaction and breakdown induced by multiple optimal disturbances in hypersonic boundary layer

Abstract

The present paper finds that the coexistence of multiple primary instability waves may cause a non-trivial nonlinear interaction and breakdown process, which has not been reported before. In the considered Mach 6 flat-plate boundary layer, a global resolvent analysis reports three optimal disturbances (local maxima): a high-frequency planar wave, a low-frequency oblique wave and a stationary streak. For the dominant planar and oblique waves, a parabolised stability equation analysis identifies the initial non-modal transient growth and downstream modal growth. Initiated by these two optimal disturbances jointly, the complete linear and nonlinear instability processes until breakdown to turbulence are shown with direct numerical simulation. Owing to the transient growth, the oblique wave may be more significant than the planar wave in the breakdown. The oblique wave and scales of nonlinear interactions are pronounced in the outer layer, whose significance may not be comprehensively characterised by the wall pressure measurement. Fourier modes characterising the oblique-wave oblique breakdown, the planar-wave fundamental resonance, the planar-wave subharmonic resonance and the combination resonance related to a detuned mode are observed successively. The detuned mode seems to dominate the near-wall dynamics in the late nonlinear stage, characterised by Λ-like structures. Meanwhile, the existence of this detuned mode is independent of the initial amplitude ratio and the absolute amplitude of the oblique and planar waves. Weakly nonlinear stability analyses demonstrate that the detuned mode is mainly a consequence of the secondary instability under the combination of planar and oblique primary waves. Wave vector plots reveal the resonant state of multiple triads. Energy budget and amplitude-correction analyses provide a clear physical image of energy transfer.