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Title: The primary stability of different implants for intra-articular calcaneal fractures: an in vitro study
Authors: Ni, M
Mei, J
Li, K
Niu, WX
Zhang, M 
Issue Date: 2018
Source: BioMedical engineering online, 2 May 2018, v. 17, 50, p. 1-9
Abstract: Background: Calcaneal fractures account for around 2% of all fractures and most of them are intra-articular fractures. Many implants have been used in the fixation of calcaneal fractures, but their biomechanical stability has not yet been well investigated. The aim of this study was to compare the primary stability of four fixations of calcaneal fracture.
Methods: Eight cadaveric calcaneus samples were used to simulate the Sanders' types III fracture pattern and fixed through four different implants, namely, K-wires, cannulated screws (CS), absorbable screws (AS), and plate-screw system (PSS). Each specimen was then placed into a custom-made jig and was loaded through a material testing machine to simulate the physiological condition. The primary stability was measured in the vertical direction as the stiffness and anterior-posterior direction as the calcaneocuboid force. One-way analysis of variance was used for data analysis.
Results: The results showed the highest stiffness of 634 (383-891; SD 226) N/mm in the intact model. It was significantly higher than the models fixed with K-wires, CS or PSS. There was no significant difference in vertical stiffness between fractures fixed with AS and the intact model or other fixed models. The intact model showed the lowest calcaneocuboid force of 153 (120-218; SD 39) N, while the fractures fixed with AS showed the greatest force of 242 (146-398; SD 84) N. The significance was only detected between these two models.
Conclusions: The global stiffness was similar when the calcaneal fractures were fixed by K-wires, CS and PSS. The stability of the AS fixation differed along both the vertical and anterior-posterior directions, and was greatly influenced by the bone quality. AS for fracture fixation should be designed with greater strength and pull-out resistance.
Keywords: Calcaneal fractures
Absorbable screw
Fracture fixation
Internal fixation
In-vitro experiment
Publisher: BioMed Central
Journal: BioMedical engineering online 
EISSN: 1475-925X
DOI: 10.1186/s12938-018-0484-6
Rights: © The Author(s) 2018. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creat iveco mmons .org/licen ses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creat iveco mmons .org/publicdoma in/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.
The following publication Ni, M., Mei, J., Li, K., Niu, W., & Zhang, M. (2018). The primary stability of different implants for intra-articular calcaneal fractures: an in vitro study. Biomedical engineering online, 17, 50 is available at https://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12938-018-0484-6
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