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Title: Slow life history strategies and increases in externalizing and internalizing problems during the COVID-19 pandemic
Authors: Chang, L
Liu, YY
Lu, HJ 
Lansford, JE
Bornstein, MH
Steinberg, L
Deater-Deckard, K
Rothenberg, WA
Skinner, AT
Dodge, KA
Issue Date: Sep-2021
Source: Journal of research on adolescence, Sept. 2021, v. 31, no. 3, p. 595-607
Abstract: The COVID-19 pandemic is but one of many instances of environmental adversities that have recurred in human history. Biobehavioral resource allocation strategies, known as fast (reproduction-focused) versus slow (development-focused) life history (LH) tradeoff strategies, evolved to deal with environmental challenges such as infectious diseases. Based on 141 young people and their mothers observed prior to (ages 9 and 13) and during (age 20) COVID-19, we investigated longitudinal relations involving slow LH strategies. The results support the adaptive role of slow LH strategies in reducing COVID-related increases in externalizing problems. In addition, the effect of early adversity on COVID-related increases in externalizing was mediated, and the effect on COVID-related increases in internalizing was moderated, by slow LH strategies.
Keywords: Adolescent externalizing and internalizing
Childhood environmental adversity
Fast and slow life history strategy
Publisher: Wiley-Blackwell Publishing, Inc.
Journal: Journal of research on adolescence 
ISSN: 1050-8392
EISSN: 1532-7795
DOI: 10.1111/jora.12661
Rights: © 2021 Society for Research on Adolescence
This is the peer reviewed version of the following article: Chang, L., Liu, Y.Y., Lu, H.J., Lansford, J.E., Bornstein, M.H., Steinberg, L., Deater-Deckard, K., Rothenberg, W.A., Skinner, A.T. and Dodge, K.A. (2021), Slow Life History Strategies and Increases in Externalizing and Internalizing Problems During the COVID-19 Pandemic. J Res Adolesc, 31: 595-607, which has been published in final form at https://doi.org/10.1111/jora.12661. This article may be used for non-commercial purposes in accordance with Wiley Terms and Conditions for Use of Self-Archived Versions. This article may not be enhanced, enriched or otherwise transformed into a derivative work, without express permission from Wiley or by statutory rights under applicable legislation. Copyright notices must not be removed, obscured or modified. The article must be linked to Wiley’s version of record on Wiley Online Library and any embedding, framing or otherwise making available the article or pages thereof by third parties from platforms, services and websites other than Wiley Online Library must be prohibited.
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