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http://hdl.handle.net/10397/92571
Title: | Manganese glycerolate catalyzed simultaneous esterification and transesterification: the kinetic and mechanistic study, and application in biodiesel and bio-lubricants synthesis | Authors: | Lau, PC Kwong, TL Yung, KF |
Issue Date: | Apr-2022 | Source: | Renewable energy, Apr. 2022, v. 189, p. 549-558 | Abstract: | Several characterizations (BET, BJH, XPS, and elemental analysis) were employed further to examine the manganese glycerolate. The elemental analysis proved that the ratio of manganese-to-glycerol is 3:4. The MnGly catalyst is formed as a mixed-valence compound in an Mn2+ to Mn3+ ratio of 1:2 that aligned the results of the surface ratio of Mn2+ to Mn3+ from XPS analysis. This compound provides a total of eight positive charges to compensate for the eight negative charges generated from the hydroxyl group (-OH) in four glycerol ligands. The activation energy (112.7 kJ mol−1) suggests that the reaction undergoes surface-mediated catalysis. The XPS analysis and kinetic study prove the co-existence of divalent and trivalent manganese in MnGly catalyst, demonstrating a flexible coordination geometry between tetrahedral and octahedral. It facilitates the coordination of two methanol to Mn2+ center with an octahedral geometry as the first step of the mechanism for biodiesel synthesis. The yield could achieve more than 99% in 1.5 h under the optimized reaction conditions. The ANOVA revealed that reaction temperature is the most significant factor affecting the production of FAME, with a contribution of 82.84%. This catalytic system also demonstrated high compatibility with higher alcohols for exploring bio-lubricants. | Keywords: | Bio-lubricants Biodiesel Kinetic study Manganese glycerolate Mechanistic study Simultaneous esterification and transesterification |
Publisher: | Pergamon Press | Journal: | Renewable energy | ISSN: | 0960-1481 | EISSN: | 1879-0682 | DOI: | 10.1016/j.renene.2022.02.127 |
Appears in Collections: | Journal/Magazine Article |
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