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Title: The activation of the mirror neuron system during action observation and action execution with mirror visual feedback in stroke : a systematic review
Authors: Zhang, JJQ 
Fong, KNK 
Welage, N
Liu, KPY
Issue Date: 2018
Source: Neural plasticity, 2018, v. 2018, 2321045, p. 1-14
Abstract: Objective. To evaluate the concurrent and training effects of action observation (AO) and action execution with mirror visual feedback (MVF) on the activation of the mirror neuron system (MNS) and its relationship with the activation of the motor cortex in stroke individuals.
Methods. A literature search using CINAHL, PubMed, PsycINFO, Medline, Web of Science, and SCOPUS to find relevant studies was performed.
Results. A total of 19 articles were included. Two functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies reported that MVF could activate the ipsilesional primary motor cortex as well as the MNS in stroke individuals, whereas two other fMRI studies found that the MNS was not activated by MVF in stroke individuals. Two clinical trials reported that long-term action execution with MVF induced a shift of activation toward the ipsilesional hemisphere. Five fMRI studies showed that AO activated the MNS, of which, three found the activation of movement-related areas. Five electroencephalography (EEG) studies demonstrated that AO or MVF enhanced mu suppression over the sensorimotor cortex.
Conclusions. MVF may contribute to stroke recovery by revising the interhemispheric imbalance caused by stroke due to the activation of the MNS. AO may also promote motor relearning in stroke individuals by activating the MNS and motor cortex.
Publisher: Hindawi Publishing Corporation
Journal: Neural plasticity 
ISSN: 2090-5904
DOI: 10.1155/2018/2321045
Rights: Copyright © 2018 Jack J. Q. Zhang et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
The following publication: Jack J. Q. Zhang, Kenneth N. K. Fong, Nandana Welage, and Karen P. Y. Liu, “The Activation of the Mirror Neuron System during Action Observation and Action Execution with Mirror Visual Feedback in Stroke: A Systematic Review,” Neural Plasticity, vol. 2018, Article ID 2321045, 14 pages, 2018 is available at https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/2321045
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