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Title: The CCCTC-binding factor (CTCF)–forkhead box protein M1 axis regulates tumour growth and metastasis in hepatocellular carcinoma
Authors: Zhang, B
Zhang, Y 
Zou, X
Chan, AWH
Zhang, R 
Lee, TKW 
Liu, H 
Lau, EYT 
Ho, NPY 
Lai, PBS
Cheung, YS
To, KF
Wong, HK
Choy, KW
Keng, VW 
Chow, LMC 
Chan, KKY 
Cheng, AS
Ko, BCB 
Issue Date: Dec-2017
Source: Journal of pathology, Dec. 2017, v. 243, no. 4, p. 418-430
Abstract: CCCTC-binding factor (CTCF) is a DNA-binding protein that interacts with a large number of highly divergent target sequences throughout the genome. It is implicated in a variety of functions, including chromatin organization and transcriptional control. The functional role of CTCF in tumour pathogenesis remains elusive. We showed that CTCF is frequently upregulated in a subset of primary hepatocellular carcinomas (HCCs) as compared with non-tumoural liver. Overexpression of CTCF was associated with shorter disease-free survival of patients. Short hairpin RNA (shRNA)-mediated suppression of CTCF inhibited cell proliferation, motility and invasiveness in HCC cell lines; these effects were correlated with prominent reductions in the expression of telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT), the shelterin complex member telomerase repeat-binding factor 1, and forkhead box protein M1 (FOXM1). In contrast, upregulation of CTCF was positively correlated with FOXM1 and TERT expression in clinical HCC biopsies. Depletion of CTCF resulted in reduced motility and invasiveness in HCC cells that could be reversed by ectopic expression of FOXM1, suggesting that FOXM1 is one of the important downstream effectors of CTCF in HCC. Reporter gene analysis suggested that depletion of CTCF is associated with reduced FOXM1 and TERT promoter activity. Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP)–polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis further revealed occupancy of the FOXM1 promoter by CTCF in vivo. Importantly, depletion of CTCF by shRNA significantly inhibited tumour progression and metastasis in HCC mouse models. Our work uncovered a novel functional role of CTCF in HCC pathogenesis, which suggests that targeting CTCF could be further explored as a potential therapeutic strategy for HCC.
Keywords: Chromatin immunoprecipitation
CTCF
FOXM1
HCC
Metastasis
TERT
Publisher: John Wiley & Sons
Journal: Journal of pathology 
ISSN: 0022-3417
EISSN: 1096-9896
DOI: 10.1002/path.4976
Rights: © 2017 The Authors. The Journal of Pathology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/), which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited and is not used for commercial purposes.
The following publication Zhang, B., Zhang, Y., Zou, X., Chan, A. W. H., Zhang, R., Lee, T. K. -., . . . & Ko, B. C. B. (2017). The CCCTC-binding factor (CTCF)–forkhead box protein M1 axis regulates tumour growth and metastasis in hepatocellular carcinoma. Journal of Pathology, 243(4), 418-430 is available at https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/path.4976
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