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Title: Insider trading restrictions and insiders' supply of information : evidence from earnings smoothing
Authors: Zhang, IX
Zhangs, Y 
Issue Date: 2018
Source: Contemporary accounting research, Summer 2018, v. 35, no. 2, p. 898-929
Abstract: We exploit the setting of first-time enforcement of insider trading laws to investigate the relationship between insider trading opportunities and insiders' supply of information. Insider trading opportunities motivate insiders to reduce their supply of information by concealing firm performance, thereby increasing their information advantage over outsiders, resulting in higher insider trading profits. Using data from 40 countries over the 1988-2004 period, we find that reporting opacity, as captured by earnings smoothness, decreases significantly after the initial enforcement of insider trading laws in countries with strong legal institutions. The decrease in earnings smoothness is positively related to the strictness of insider trading laws. The decrease in earnings smoothness is also more pronounced for countries that have more persistent insider trading law enforcement and for countries that impose more severe penalties on insider trading cases. Further analyses show that the decrease in earnings smoothness following insider trading enforcement is concentrated among firms that are not closely held and among high-growth firms. In addition to uncovering a channel through which insider trading restrictions affect the information environment, our evidence highlights the importance of country- and firm-level governance structures in determining the consequences of insider trading restrictions. Restrictions applicables aux operations d'inities et communication d'information par les inities : le cas du nivellement des resultats Les auteurs se servent du contexte de la mise en application initiale des lois relatives aux operations d'inities pour etudier la relation entre les possibilites de realiser des operations d'inities et la communication d'information par les inities. Les possibilites de realiser des operations d'inities incitent les inities a reduire l'information qu'ils communiquent en dissimulant la performance de l'entreprise, ce qui accroit l'avantage dont ils beneficient par rapport aux tiers au chapitre de l'information et augmente les profits engendres par les operations d'inities. L'etude de donnees provenant de 40pays pour la periode s'echelonnant de 1988 a 2004 revele que l'opacite de l'information, dont temoigne le nivellement des resultats, diminue sensiblement apres la mise en application initiale des lois relatives aux operations d'inities dans les pays oU les institutions juridiques sont solides. La reduction du nivellement des resultats est en relation positive avec la rigueur des lois relatives aux operations d'inities. Elle est egalement plus marquee dans les pays qui affichent une plus grande perseverance dans l'application des lois relatives aux operations d'inities et dans ceux qui sanctionnent plus severement les operations d'inities. Des analyses plus poussees indiquent que la reduction du nivellement des resultats a la suite de la mise en application des lois relatives aux operations d'inities s'observe principalement chez les entreprises qui ne sont pas des societes a actionnariat restreint et chez les societes a forte croissance. En plus de decouvrir l'une des voies par lesquelles s'exerce l'influence des restrictions relatives aux operations d'inities sur l'environnement d'information, les auteurs mettent en lumiere l'importance des structures de gouvernance des pays et des societes dans la determination des consequences des restrictions auxquelles sont assujetties les operations d'inities.
Publisher: Wiley-Blackwell
Journal: Contemporary accounting research 
ISSN: 0823-9150
DOI: 10.1111/1911-3846.12419
Rights: © CAAA
This is the accepted version of the following article: Zhang, I.X. and Zhang, Y. (2018), Insider Trading Restrictions and Insiders’ Supply of Information: Evidence from Earnings Smoothing. Contemporary Accounting Research, 35: 898-929, which has been published in final form at https://doi.org/ 10.1111/1911-3846.12419. This article may be used for non-commercial purposes in accordance with the Wiley Self-Archiving Policy [http://www.wileyauthors.com/self-archiving].
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