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Title: Development of a whiteness formula for surface colors under an arbitrary light source
Authors: Wei, MC 
Chen, SY 
Huang, HP 
Luo, MR
Issue Date: 2018
Source: Optics express, 9 July 2018, v. 26, no. 14, p. 18171-18181
Abstract: The whiteness specification is critically important in surface color industry, especially when fluorescent whitening agents (FWAs) are added to objects. The CIE whiteness formula, the most widely used whiteness formula, only characterizes the whiteness under CIE standard D65, which ignores the change of whiteness under different light sources due to the spectral content of the light sources. Though the adoption of a Chromatic Adaptation Transform (CAT02) in the CIE whiteness formula was found effective in recent studies, it failed to allow a comparison across different correlated color temperatures (CCTs). In this study, a haploscopic viewing condition was employed, with a D65 simulator in the left booth, for evaluating the whiteness of eight samples under different light sources in the right booth. The whiteness of the four samples under the D65 simulator was employed as a whiteness scale to aid the evaluation. Based on the experiment results, the characterization of whiteness for a surface under an arbitrary light source is proposed to use the CIE whiteness formula with the sample chromaticities being transformed using CAT02 and an adjusted degree of chromatic adaptation factor D.
Publisher: Optical Society of America
Journal: Optics express 
EISSN: 1094-4087
DOI: 10.1364/OE.26.018171
Rights: Journal © 2019
© 2018 Optical Society of America under the terms of the OSA Open Access Publishing Agreement (https://www.osapublishing.org/library/license_v1.cfm#VOR-OA)
Users may use, reuse, and build upon the article, or use the article for text or data mining, so long as such uses are for non-commercial purposes and appropriate attribution is maintained. All other rights are reserved.
The following publication Minchen Wei, Siyuan Chen, Hsin-Pou Huang, and Ming Ronnier Luo, "Development of a whiteness formula for surface colors under an arbitrary light source," Opt. Express 26, 18171-18181 (2018) is available at https://dx.doi.org/10.1364/OE.26.018171
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