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Title: Diabetic nephropathy and endothelial dysfunction : current and future therapies, and emerging of vascular imaging for preclinical renal-kinetic study
Authors: Leung, KC 
Gao, L 
Siu, PM 
Lai, CWK 
Issue Date: 2016
Source: Life sciences, 2016, v. 166, p. 121-130
Abstract: An explosion in global epidemic of type 2 diabetes mellitus poses major rise in cases with vascular endothelial dysfunction ranging from micro- (retinopathy, nephropathy and neuropathy) to macro-vascular (atherosclerosis and cardiomyopathy) conditions. Functional destruction of endothelium is regarded as an early event that lays the groundwork for the development of renal microangiopathy and subsequent clinical manifestation of nephropathic symptoms. Recent research has shed some light on the molecular mechanisms of type 2 diabetes-associated comorbidity of endothelial dysfunction and nephropathy. Stemming from currently proposed endothelium-centered therapeutic strategies for diabetic nephropathy, this review highlighted some most exploited pathways that involve the intricate coordination of vasodilators, vasoconstrictors and vaso-modulatory molecules in the pathogenesis of diabetic nephropathy. We also emphasized the emerging roles of oxidative and epigenetic modifications of microvasculature as our prospective therapeutics for diabetic renal diseases. Finally, this review in particular addressed the potential use of multispectral optoacoustic tomography in real-time, minimally-invasive vascular imaging of small experimental animals for preclinical renal-kinetic drug trials.
Keywords: Diabetic nephropathy
Endothelial dysfunction
Molecular mechanism
Multispectral optoacoustic tomography
Therapy
Publisher: Pergamon Press
Journal: Life sciences 
EISSN: 0024-3205
DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2016.10.015
Rights: © 2016 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Inc. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).
The following publication Leung, W. K., Gao, L., Siu, P. M., & Lai, C. W. (2016). Diabetic nephropathy and endothelial dysfunction: Current and future therapies, and emerging of vascular imaging for preclinical renal-kinetic study. Life sciences, 166, 121-130 is available at https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lfs.2016.10.015
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