语气、情态与句子功能类

Abstract

汉语语法分析中的语气概念来源复杂, 与mood、sentence type、modality 这三个英语语法概念都有一定关系。实际上mood 是通过形态句法手段来表示说话者表述话语方式的句法范畴, sentence type 是通过多种句法手段来表示句子用途的交际功能范畴, 而modality 则是通过情态动词或情态副词来表示说话者针对命题所做主观判断的语义范畴。为了厘清汉语语气概念的内涵, 须打破汉语语气、句子功能类型和句末助词三者一一对应并循环论证的传统, 分别处理。语气是基于词汇句法等多种手段的句法概念, 情态是基于逻辑认知的语义概念, 句子功能是基于用途的功能概念, 口气是基于情感态度的语用概念。汉语的语气是说话者表述话语的方式, 可分为与mood 对应的直陈、祈使和虚拟三种类型。 The concept of yuqi(語氣) has long been a controversial issue in the study of Chinese grammar.It was derived from the concepts mood,sentence type and modality in the study of English grammar and is related to the concept of tone in the study of Chinese grammar.It is proposed in this paper that yuqi(語氣) is the Chinese equivalent of mood in English,with a different coding mechanism.There is no one-to-one correspondence between modality and sentence type in Chinese,nor is there any one-to-one correspondence between modality and sentence type in Chinese, nor is there any one-to-one correspondence between mood and sentence type in Chinese.