Evaluating global citizenship in international service-learning: development and validation of a short form of the global citizenship scale

Abstract

Global citizenship development is gaining attention as a major learning outcome and is becoming a common component in higher education. This study aims to examine the cross-cultural validity of the Global Citizenship Scale (GCS) developed by Morais and Ogden (2011). Following findings from previous studies, this paper sought to create and validate a short version of the inventory. Using exploratory factor analysis (EFA), we identified a 15-item structure and then verified the relationships between the latent and manifest variables by confirmatory factor analysis (CFA).